A widely studied school-based life-skills curriculum that builds personal self-management, social and drug-resistance skills to prevent tobacco, alcohol and other substance use; implemented across several European countries.

Developed in Italy and now implemented across 17 European and 28 worldwide countries, Unplugged combines knowledge about substance use with social-influence approaches and life-skills training. It provides a structured protocol for cultural adaptation and freely available manuals, and was developed and assessed through a European multi-centre trial.

A selective/indicated prevention programme that targets personality risk factors (e.g., sensation-seeking, impulsivity, anxiety-sensitivity) with brief, tailored interventions to reduce substance use and related problems; implemented across several European countries.

An anti-bullying programme combining universal actions (curriculum, classroom rules) with indicated actions for bullying cases, using annual student surveys to feed back into school-level improvement. Developed in Finland after a legal requirement for bullying-prevention plans, with national partner organisations coordinating rollout.

A national programme in France to prevent and combat bullying in schools, providing schools with structured tools, training and reporting mechanisms.

Originating in Norway and widely adopted across Europe, OBPP is a whole-school programme operating at school, classroom and individual levels to reduce bullying and improve peer relations.

A low-threshold service offering free, anonymous support to young people in person and online, staffed by professionals and trained young volunteers. Young people participate both as beneficiaries and as peer providers.

Adapted in Denmark from the Australian model, headspace offers free, low-threshold early support to young people through centres and online, staffed by professionals and trained young volunteers, with a dedicated Youth Council. A publicly available implementation guide supports replication.

A national network of multidisciplinary centres offering young people accessible support across the full continuum - from information and brief counselling to clinical care - bringing together health, social care and other services in one place.

Ireland's national youth mental health service provides accessible, non-stigmatising support with minimal barriers to entry and online/hybrid options, and (with Belong To) has developed resources to support LGBTI+ young people. It is embedded within multiple overlapping national policy frameworks.